Types of injections � from subcutaneous to intramuscular
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More than one hundred and fifty years ago, the Scot Alexander Wood invented the hollow needle. Decades later, it was the Frenchman Pravaz who, after long experimentation, brought the syringe into the limelight. It is this syringe that still serves as an example for the disposable syringes that are common today. An injection is given when a drug has to act quickly and when it cannot or should not be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. The protein insulin is a good example of this. Much has changed since Wood and Pravaz made their spectacular inventions. For various reasons, injections are given into the skin (intracutaneous), under the skin (subcutaneous), into the muscle (intramuscular), into the vein (intravenous) or even directly into the heart (intracardiac).
Contents
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Types of injections Intramuscular (in the muscle) Indications Subcutaneous (under the skin) Intracutane (in the skin) Intravenous (into the vein) Other methods of administration Blood circulation Injection Hazards
Types of injections
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When Alexander Wood
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Intramuscular (in the muscle)
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Intramuscular injections are usually given with a relatively long needle in the glutaeus maximus muscle, more specifically in the outer-upper quadrant of the buttock. Also common is the upper arm (deltoid muscle) and thigh muscle (rectus femoris muscle). It concerns extensive muscle bundles, whereby the risk of puncturing a large blood vessel or nerve bundle is minimal. Nevertheless, these muscles are
Subcutaneous (under the skin)
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Subcutaneous means 'under the skin', so it concerns an injection under the skin with a relatively short needle. Often the tummy tuck is used for this. Less sensitive (painful) are the upper arm and thigh. It often concerns small amounts of injection fluids that have to be absorbed slowly, such as insulin, morphine and, for example, medicines for rheumatic diseases. The hypodermoclysis (relief from moisture deficiency)
Intracutane (in the skin)
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Intracutaneous means 'in the skin'. With the help of these injections, certain vaccines are given, such as the BCG vaccine and the Mantoux test (tuberculin skin test). These injections - with a very short needle - are administered to hairless skin
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Intravenous (in the vein)
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With an intravenous injection, the dissolved drug enters the vein directly. The infusion is an example of this. An intravenous injection is effective very quickly because it enters the bloodstream directly, usually through the elbow vein. On the other hand, the administered agent usually works for less time. Control for (unwanted) side effects is necessary. Other risks of intravenous administration include allergic reactions, bleeding and overdose
Circulatory system
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Source: Blakespot, Flickr (CC BY-2.0) The method of administration of an injection fluid depends, among other things, on the type of fluid, but also whether the medicine is absorbed quickly or slowly into the blood or in the tissues. Very important is the condition of the patient. For example, a person in shock will never receive a subcutaneous injection, since in shock the peripheral circulatory system malfunctions and the drug
Injection Hazards
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Furthermore, injecting is not without dangers. The administration of injection fluids therefore proceeds according to strict guidelines (protocols). Some dangers
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